Outsourcing is generally conducted for the benefit of the individual firm, but often creates negative outcomes for the economy at large. The best way to understand the economic issues surrounding outsourcing is to understand the economic tradeoffs at play. Two case studies will help in fostering this understanding. Fishman discusses the experiences of Wal-Mart suppliers, struggling to compete in a global marketplace. Friedman discusses some of the non-economic factors involved in outsourcing, looking at the issue from the other side of the ocean. Wal-Mart is often criticized for outsourcing American jobs, Fishman notes, and he presents evidence that it does facilitate this practice. Wal-Mart's mission is to offer low prices to customers as a matter of competitive policy, and do to this is must find goods from the lowest-cost producers. Given the factor input costs in the United States, this usually means outsourcing production to low-cost countries, where the prices of land, labor and doing business in general are lower. China is the usual location, but there are other countries as well. The story of Carolina Mills is a good example, where the company simply could not meet Wal-Mart's price and was forced to either lay off American workers for those overseas or to lose their contract to another supplier who could meet Wal-Mart's price. Fishman presents several similar anecdotes as well. The idea is that Wal-Mart's quest for efficiency and low prices is emblematic of American business in general. There are, after...

Americans benefit from having access to lower-priced goods. It facilitates more consumption and higher quality of life, on average, because it allows even those who earn little to live better. High income earners do not likely see much benefit from the Wal-Mart strategy, however. By keeping prices low through outsourcing, American firms do one of two things, both of which are generally considered beneficial. Either they offer low prices like Wal-Mart, which contributes to lower inflation, or the companies pocket the difference like Apple and earn higher profits for their shareholders. Whether the wealth is distributed broadly (Wal-Mart) or concentrated (Apple), more wealth is created through outsourcing strategies that emphasis cost control and efficiency.
The tradeoff, as Fishman notes, is that America loses jobs, often well-paying jobs. Lower levels of inflation are offset by stagnant real wages, meaning that there might not be as much improvement to buying power as Wal-Mart pretends there is. Moreover, even if buying power improves on some consumer goods, suppressed real wages reduce buying power for real estate, which if it increases in value will mean that Americans are on average poorer. In particular, the labor class that loses its manufacturing jobs and those who…